The Impact of Different Crises on Victims of Domestic Violence
Annotation / Abstract
What is domestic violence, and what is partner abuse? In a partnership or a family, relationships are not necessarily equal. People can keep their partner or family members in psychological, physical, sexual, and economic dependence and abuse their position. This person may abuse the victim(s) verbally, physically, sexually, and in other ways. There was a widespread belief that the head of the family was entitled to control the rest of the family, even by force. Worldwide, and in Hungary, there was a reluctance to explore, investigate, or interfere with what happened within the family. NGOs contributed significantly to recent legal changes. This led to international conventions, one of which is the Istanbul Convention. The European Union joined it in 2023. The proposal for a directive by the European Commission considers violence against women and domestic violence to be criminal law issues and serious violations of human rights. Although the proposal focuses on women, the European Commission acknowledges that men and children can also become victims of domestic violence. It is important to consider the victims' dependence and the perpetrators' desire for control and possession during criminal proceedings. Reducing latency may be possible by building trust with victims. When victims of violence feel that they are receiving special protection, they are more likely to trust society and the authorities. To assist those affected by such violence, it is essential to provide access to shelters, telephone hotlines, and medical and legal aid. The situation of victims of domestic violence and partner abuse becomes even more serious in crisis situations. There have been, and continue to be, conflicts around the world, which have been scrutinized by economists, sociologists, criminologists, health professionals, and lawyers alike in recent years. The latest international research provides a great deal of important new information that can help prepare for these problems and provide professionally competent responses. It is clear from the reviewed literature that the various forms of violence are interconnected in crisis situations and pose an even greater danger. Violence at the macro level, such as war, also increases violent conflict at the micro level. The crises caused by the fear of COVID-19, lockdowns, war, hunger, and climate disasters spill over into family homes and make victims of domestic violence and partner abuse even more vulnerable. Most of the reviewed materials analyze research conducted after COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic also provided many lessons regarding the management and prevention of the economic effects of future natural disasters and the associated increase in domestic violence.
Full text
War Conflicts and Violence Against Women - Rape Is Cheaper Than Bullet
Sexual violence in war was first declared a war crime in the 1949 Geneva Convention. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 17 July 1998 classifies many forms of sexual violence as crimes against humanity and war crimes. The Istanbul Convention applies to all crimes of violence against women in times of peace and armed conflict [URL4].
Andras Hars gives a precise overview of when wartime sexual crimes constitute genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity. He describes not only the development of the regulation of sexual crimes as international crimes, but also the practice of international criminal courts. He also quotes Navathenem Pillay's statement in which Pillay states that rape is not a trophy of war [5].
The term "conflict-related sexual violence" (CRSV) has been used by the UN since 2000 to refer to cases of rape committed during an armed conflict [URL14].
Eight years later, a resolution stated that armed conflict-related sexual violence is a tactic of warfare that in itself threatens the maintenance of international peace and security [URL15]. A UN Security Council resolution on conflict-related sexual violence was also adopted in 2009 [URL16].
The Stop Rape Now initiative [URL17] is a network of UN agencies. It aims to prevent rape from being used as a strategy of war.
The UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) Global Programme on Strengthening the Rule of Law in Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations has helped strengthen national capacity to end impunity for gender-based violence in 20 conflict and post-conflict countries [URL16].
The Security Council also sought answers on how to hold perpetrators of sexual violence in armed conflict accountable at the national level [URL18].
The first perpetrator to be convicted of "conflict-related sexual violence" by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2016 was a Congolese warlord [URL19].
Gender-related violence during and immediately after the war has also been documented by several women's NGOs. The first important finding of their research was that there is still little information available to social scientists on the phenomenon of violence and changes in crime during global crises.
In developing their research methodology, they encourage rigorous investigation to better understand the underlying causes. A global analysis must take into account the different characteristics of different regions of the world.
Nevertheless, one common feature remains: the increase in violence during global crises primarily affects inherently vulnerable groups, including minorities and women. Given the increasingly global nature of modern crises, the study of deviant and criminal behaviour that changes during such periods should become the subject of international comparative and multidisciplinary research [URL20].
References
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Authors
Vengriya Islohot cherkovi Karoli Gaspar Universiteti