Analysis of the Criminological Effectiveness of Sentences Imposed for Crimes Related to Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
Annotation / Abstract
Abstract. This study analyzes the criminological effectiveness of punishments, particularly imprisonment, imposed for the illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Based on international standards, UN and WHO initiatives, and national judicial and investigative statistics, the necessity of revising traditional penal policy is substantiated. The research highlights problems such as high rates of recidivism among convicts and the complete shift of drug-related crimes into the virtual environment (cyberspace). Scientifically grounded proposals have been developed to divert dependent patient-consumers from the justice system to the healthcare system instead of punishing them, expand rehabilitation programs, and improve criminal legislation to combat digital narcocrime.
Full text
Biroq, zamonaviy kriminologiya Qoʻrqitish nazariyasining narkojinoyatlarga nisbatan ishlash mexanizmini jiddiy shubha ostiga olmoqda.
Amerikalik taniqli kriminolog Daniel S. Nagin oʻzining “Yigirma birinchi asrda qoʻrqitish” nomli fundamental tadqiqotlarida taʼkidlashicha, jazoning ogʻirligi (masalan, qamoq muddatini 5 yildan 15 yilgacha uzaytirish) jinoyatchilikni toʻxtatishda deyarli hech qanday qoʻshimcha samara bermaydi.
Aksincha, jazoning muqarrarligi (qoʻlga tushish xavfining yuqoriligi va politsiyaning faolligi) kuchliroq ogohlantiruvchi taʼsirga egadir. Daniel S. Nagin fikricha, uzoq muddatli qamoq jazolari mahkumlarni kelgusida yanada malakali va shafqatsiz jinoyatchilarga aylantiradigan “jinoyatchilik maktabi” vazifasini oʻtaydi, ularni qamoqxona sharoitiga koʻniktiradi (desensibilizatsiya) va ozodlikka chiqqandan soʻng qonuniy yoʻl bilan hayot kechirish imkoniyatlarini (ishga joylashish, oila qurish) butkul yoʻqqa chiqaradi [10].
Bu konseptual fikrni Garvard va Chikago universitetlari olimlari I. Kuziemko va S.D. Levitt tomonlaridan AQSH sud-huquq amaliyoti asosida oʻtkazilgan keng koʻlamli empirik tadqiqotlar ham toʻliq tasdiqlaydi. Tadqiqotchilarning qayd etishicha, AQSHda 1980-yildan 2000-yilga qadar narkojinoyatlar uchun qamalganlar soni 15 barobarga (24 ming nafardan 400 ming nafargacha) keskin oshgan boʻlsa-da, bunday ulkan qatagʻon apparatining ishlashi natijasida koʻchalardagi giyohvandlik vositalari (masalan, kokain)ning narxi bor-yoʻgʻi 5–15 foizga koʻtarilgan, umumiy mulkiy va zoʻravonlik jinoyatlarining qisqarishiga esa atigi 1–3 foizlik arzimas taʼsir koʻrsatgan.
Olimlarning yakuniy xulosasiga koʻra, giyohvandlikka qarshi kurashda ommaviy qamash (mass incarceration) siyosati iqtisodiy jihatdan mutlaqo oʻzini oqlamaydigan, milliardlab dollar soliq toʻlovchilar mablagʻini bekorga sarflovchi va kriminologik jihatdan samarasiz mexanizmdir [11].
Shuningdek, Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi sud tizimi doirasida narkojinoyatchilik boʻyicha oʻlim jazosining qoʻllanilishini tadqiq qilgan xorijiy olimlar (10 mingdan ortiq milliy va provinsial sud hukmlarining regression tahlili asosida) shuni isbotladilarki, hatto eng oliy va shafqatsiz jazo chorasi boʻlgan oʻlim jazosi ham giyohvandlik tranziti va savdosini keskin kamaytirishga qodir emas. Buning sababi, yirik narkokartellar va uyushgan jinoiy guruhlar qamoqqa olingan yoki qatl etilgan quyi pogʻonadagi kuryerlar oʻrniga doimiy ravishda yangi marginallashgan, iqtisodiy nochor qatlam vakillarini jalb qilishda davom etadilar [12].
Bu esa Paul Goldstein tomonidan ilgari surilgan “Uch tomonlama konseptual model” (Tripartite Conceptual Model)ning iqtisodiy-majburiy va tizimli mexanizmlari asosida narkobozor oʻz-oʻzini doimiy qayta tiklash xususiyatiga ega ekanligini koʻrsatadi.
References
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- Giyohvandlik va psixotrop moddalarning noqonuniy muomalasiga qarshi kurashish yo‘nalishida olib borilayotgan tashkiliy va tezkor-qidiruv tadbirlari yuzasidan 2024-2025-yil yakuniga ko‘ra tahliliy sharh hamda davlat hisoboti.
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